Water frost ( 52 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains smaller than 100 µm) (Layer #2) | BYPASS | SSHADE

Experiment Vis-NIR reflectance spectra of JSC Mars 1 or Dark basalt powders pure, and/or mixed with H2O ice (with ice particles ~4 or ~67 µm, or in a slab), and/or covered with H2O frost

Sub-Experiment Mineral powders

Sub-Experiment JSC Mars-1

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains 200-400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains 100-200 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K

Sub-Experiment Dark basalt

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains 200-400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains 100-200 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K

Sub-Experiment Water frost on JSC Mars-1

Sub-Experiment Water frost on grains > 400 µm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~14 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~33 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~50 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at ~110 K

Sub-Experiment Water frost on grains < 100 µm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~14 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~33 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~50 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at ~110 K

Sub-Experiment Water frost on Dark basalt

Sub-Experiment Water frost on grains > 400 µm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~13 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~52 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~75 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at ~100 K

Sub-Experiment Water frost on grains < 100 µm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~13 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~52 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~75 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at ~100 K

Sub-Experiment Intimate mixture of Water ice and JSC Mars-1

Sub-Experiment Intimate mixture with water ice particles 4.5±2.5 μm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 10 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~120 K

Sub-Experiment Intimate mixture with water ice particles 67±31 μm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 10 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K

Sub-Experiment Intimate mixture of Water ice and Dark basalt

Sub-Experiment Intimate mixture with water ice particles 67±31 μm

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K

Sub-Experiment Intimate mixture with water ice particles 67±31 μm and Frost

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~80 µm) over Dark basalt mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~80 µm) over Dark basalt mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~80 µm) over Dark basalt mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K

Sub-Experiment Water saturated frozen soils

Sub-Experiment JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm)

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (87 wt%) JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) after 3h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (87 wt%) JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) after 7h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (87 wt%) JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) after 14h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (87 wt%) JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) after 17h of sublimation

Sub-Experiment Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm)

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (90 wt%) Dark Basalt (grains < 100 µm) after 3h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (90 wt%) Dark Basalt (grains < 100 µm) after 3.5h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (90 wt%) Dark Basalt (grains < 100 µm) after 4h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (90 wt%) Dark Basalt (grains < 100 µm) after 4.5h of sublimation Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Frozen water saturated (90 wt%) Dark Basalt (grains < 100 µm) after 4.6h of sublimation

Layer

Name: Layer #2
Order: 2

Physical characteristics

Type of layer: granular
Thickness: 0.052 $\pm$ 0.002 $mm$
Texture: pulverulent
Type of porosity: porous
Comments: The thickness of the water frost layer is indicative. It was not measured but estimated using a model (see details in Yoldi et al., 2020)

Formation conditions

Formation mode: crystal growth from gas
Temperature: 100.0 $\pm$ 2.0 $K$
Comments: H2O frost condensed at the surface of the sample exposed to ambient air.

Materials in layer

Number

1

Arrangement

single material

Materials

	Name	Arrangement	Mass (g)	Mass fraction	Abundance comments
	H2O frost			1.0